The Cumulative anti-inflammatory effect of bloodletting by Leech (Jallaukavacharana) in patients of Arthritis (Aamvata) w. s. r. inflammatory markers- a Research Realm Array Section Original Research Articles
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
Raktamokshana, is a para-surgical procedure directed for the treatment of specifically Raktaja roga (blood-borne diseases), along with many other surgical diseases. To expel out the vitiated blood, seven procedures are advocated: Venesection (Sira Vedhan), horn application (Sringa Avacharana), gourd application (Alabu Aavacharana), leech application (Jalauka Avacharana), scrapping (Pracchanna Karma), cupping glass application (Ghati Yantra Avacharana), and needle application (Suchi Avacharana).The process of Raktamokshana can be traced back to the Vedic period only and not beyond that. In the Koushika sutra of Atharvaveda, references of bloodletting (Raktamokshana) by leech application are available. Sushruta and Vagbhata focused on the Raktamokshana in detail. Bloodletting as a method of treatment is indicated in Gouty Arthritis (Vatarakta), filariasis, herpes, tumors, various skin disorders, genital infections, abscess, inflammatory conditions, cellulitis, painful ulcers, chronic ulcers On the other hand it is found to be contraindicated in generalized swelling, swelling in those suffering from anaemia, piles, phthisis and in pregnancy. With such conceptual things in mind a research work was undertaken to study the change in inflammatory markers in patients of arthritis treated with Leech Therapy. For this 30 patients of Aamvata (Rhematoid Arthritis) in whom CRP and ESR was raised were selected for study. Leech Therapy was done alternate day in every patient in the knee and ankle joint for 10 days. Blood investigations were done prior to leech therapy and after leech therapy in every patient and it was found that inflammatory markers were found to reduceed, in these patients.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
References
-
1. RA –FAQâ€s www.fightRA.org
2. Diseases and conditions- RA www.rheumatology.org
3. RA, medicine, diet, treatment -www.medicinenet.com
4. Basic Pathology by Kumar, Cotran, Robins, Cellulitis,Prism Publishers,2000,
5. RA, Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia
6. Rheumatoid arthritis – centre, symptoms, pain relief,www.webmed.com
7. fast facts about RA, www.niams.nih.gov.in
8. What is RA, Arthritis foundation- www.arthritis.org
9. RA-expert information-www.about.com
10. www.leeching history in india.com
11. www.Leechmeknow.com – cited on 29/06/16.
12. Sushruta Samhita K.R.Shrikantha Murthy, 2014, Chaukhamba Orientalia Publishers ,sutra sthana, Chapter14, verse 34.
13. Sushruta Samhita K.R.Shrikantha Murthy, 2014, Chaukhamba Orientalia Publishers Sharir Sthana, Chapter 8, verse 24.
14. Charaka Samhita, Editor and Translator Priyavrat Sharma, 2014,Chaukhamba Orientalia Publishers, Chikitsa Sthana, Chapter 21, verse141.
15. Sushruta Samhita ,K.R.Shrikantha Murthy,2014,Chaukhamba Orientalia Publishers ,Sharir Sthana, Chapter 8, verse 22.
16. Sushruta. Samhita ,K.R.Shrikantha Murthy,2014,Chaukhamba Orientalia Publishers, Sharir Sthana, Chapter 8, verse 22.
17. Ashtanga Hridaya, Hemadri, Chaukamba Prakashana,Sutrasthana , chapter16, verse 37.
18. Sushruta Samhita, .K.R.Shrikantha Murthy,2014,Chaukhamba Orientalia Publishers ,sutra sthana, Chapter17, verse 18.
19. Effect of Leech Therapy in Management of Quadriceps Femoris Tenosynovitis a case study- IJRAP – Bhandare M. et al.
20. Anti-inflammatory effect of leech therapy in the patients of Psoriasis (EK Kushtha) (Journal of Pharmaceutical and scientific innovation 2012- Akhilesh Kumar Singh.
21. Application of Leech Therapy and Khadir is Psoriasis – LAP Lambert academic publishing (2013-07) By- Dilip Kumar Verma.ISBN-10-3659389056.
22. Clinical evaluation of leech Therapy in the management of Knee Osteoarthritis- A pilot study – Ancient science of life – Azad Hussain Long – Dept.of Mualajut ,National Institute of Unani Medicine, Mogadird Banglore India.
23. Efficacy of Leech Therapy in the management of Osteoarthritis (Sandhivata) – P.K. Rai, et al - ayu.
24. Role of Leech Therapy in skin diseases with special reference to Eczema- Chandrashekhar Kaushik et al.
25. A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of leech therapy and Panchtikta Ghrita in the management of Psoriasis- Manjurani et al.
26. Application of leech therapy in the management of Shwitra (Leucoderma)–M.Mrutyunjaya Rao et al.
27. Effectiveness of Leech therapy in chronic lateral epicondylitis -A RCT– Backer M et al.
28. Analgesic and Anti inflammatory effect of leech therapy in the patients of psoriasis (EK Kushtha) - Akhilesh Kumar Singh et al.
29. Efficacy of leech therapy and Ayurveda compound in vitiligo – An experimental study –Panigrahi Hemanta kumar et al- IJRAP
30. Management of Diabetic foot ulcer with Leech Therapy- A minimal invasive procedure. Dwiwedi Amarprekash et al.
31. Hematophagy – Wikipedia- last – edited in july 2015 cited on 8/11/2015
32. Hirudotherapy: a guide to using leeches to drain blood from tissue Clinical Pharmacist CP- April 2014, Vol-6 No.3 by Micheel Bennett – Marsolen, Annie N.
33. The positive effect of Leech Therapy on Arthritis scientifically proven. - Leech me now.com Emmanuel Renaud, certified Leech Therapist, holistic practitioner trainer - leech therapy.
34. Rheumatoid Arthritis.cdc.gov
35. Management of Amavata with ‘Amrita Ghrita’: A clinical study- P. S. Lekurwale,, Kamlesh Pandey, and P. Yadaiah, Ayu-oct to dec 2010
36. Leech Therapy the healing art-www.amazing leeches.com
37. Raval H.N. and Thakar A.B., Role of Raktamokshana by Jalloukavacharana and Siravedhana in the management of Vicharchika(eczema),Journal AYU,2012,33(1), 68-72.
38. Sushruta Samhita, K.R.Shrikantha Murthy, 2014, Chaukhamba Orientalia Publishers ,Sutrasthana 13-3.
39. Making sense of inflammatory Markers– common sense pathology- A Royal college of Physicians.
40. Markers of inflammation and cardio vascular disease- American heart association- circulation - Aha journals.
41. Inflammatory markers elevated in Patients with stable pain- Fran Lonery – Sept. 30, 2013 Medscape - Medical news from the American Academy of pain Management (AAPM) 24th Annual clinical meeting.
42. Inflammatory markers may predict Alcohol dependence – December.10, 2014 Deporeh Brauser Medscape Medical News from the American Academy of Addiction psychiatry (AAAP) – 25th Annual Meeting.
43. Inflammatory Markers and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes – A systematic Review and metaanalysis - Xia wang – American Diabetes Association 2013
44. Clinical Utility of inflammatory markers and advanced lipoprotein testing – advice from an expert panel of lipid specialists- Journals of clinical lipideology (2011) 5, 338-367 Michal H. Davidson.
45. C-reactive proteins / Definition of CRP- Medical dictionary / Thesaurns, Acronyms,Encyclopaedia, Wikipedia, cited on 9/11/12.
46. Emerging inflammatory markers for assuring coronary heart disease risk – Carson MA et el. US National library of Medicine NIH.
47. Current guidelines on CRP-…. testing – DHA & ACC New recommendations
48. Agnivesha, Revised by Charaka and Dhradabala; Charaka Samhita; 4th Ed, Varanasi; Chaukhambha orientalia publishers ,Chikitsa sthana12/52
49. Agnivesha, Revised by Charaka and Dhradabala; Charaka Samhita; 4th Ed, Varanasi; Chaukhambha orientalia publishers Chikitsa sthana 16/61
50. Agnivesha, Revised by Charaka and Dhradabala; Charaka Samhita; 4th Ed, Varanasi; Chaukhambha orientalia publishers, Chikitsa sthana16/63
51. Madhavakara; Madhava Nidana; with Madhukosha Sanskrit commentary by Vijayarakshita and Srikanthadatta; with Vidyittini Hindi commentary by Sudarshan shastri Part-II; 30th Ed, Edited by Yadunandan Upadhyaya; Varanasi, Chaukhambha orientalia publishers; 2001; Pg. 508,Madhava Nidana 25
52. Atharva ved 10/12/13
53. Agnivesha, Revised by Charaka and Dhradabala; Charaka Samhita; 4th Ed, Varanasi; Chaukhambha orientalia publishers, Chikitsa vimana sthana 3
54. Agnivesha, Revised by Charaka and Dhradabala; Charaka Samhita; 4th Ed, Varanasi; Chaukhambha orientalia publishers, Chikitsa chikitsa 28/195
55. Astanga samgraha; with Hindi commentary by Atridev Gupta; reprinted; Krishnadas academy; 1993; pp no. 408, pg. No.390 (Ah. Sn. Ni 13).
56. Vagbhata; Astanga Hradaya; with commentary of Sarvangasundara of Arunadatta and Ayurveda rasayana of Hemadri, 7th Ed, Edited by Anna Moreshwar Kunte and Krishna shastri Navare; Varanasi; Chaukhambha orientalia publishers; 1982; Pp- 956, Pg No-517, (A.Hr. Ni-13).
57. Bhela Samhita; with English translation by K.H. Krishnamurthy, Edited by P.V.Sharma first Ed Varanasi;Chaukhambha orientalia publishers; 2000, Pp-660, Pg.No.409 (Bhel sutra sthana10/12)
58. Hareeta Samhita-3/2 ,Sharangadhara with Hindi commentary by Shalaja Srivatsav; reprinted; Chaukhambha oriented; 1998, pratham Khanda
59. Vagbhata; Astanga Hradaya; with commentary of Sarvangasundara of Arunadatta and Ayurveda rasayana of Hemadri, 7th Ed, Edited by Anna Moreshwar Kunte and Krishna shastri Navare; Varanasi; Chaukhambha orientalia publishers; 1982; Pp- 956, Pg No-517, (A.Hr. Ni-16).
60. Yogaratnakara, with Hindi commentary by Indradeva Tripathi; 1st Ed; Krishnadas Academy; 1998; Pp -894,Pg No- 604, poorvardha(Shopha Nidana).
61. Ayurved Rahasya Deepika
62. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia on history of rheumatism cited on 20/06/16
63. Srinivas Acharya, Panchakarma illustrated, Jalloukavacharana, Delhi(India), Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan,2006,pg no 429.
64. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia on Leech therapy cited on 5/12 /15 Sushruta Samhita, K.R.Shrikantha Murthy, 2014, Chaukhamba Orientalia Publishers, sutra sthana, Chapter17, verse 23.
65. Sushruta Samhita, K.R.Shrikantha Murthy, 2014, Chaukhamba Orientalia Publishers ,sutra sthana, Chapter14, verse 25.
66. Charaka Samhita, Editor and Translator Priyavrat Sharma, 2014, Chaukhamba Orientalia Publishers,Sutrasthana, Chapter 24, verse 39.
67. Ashtanga Hridaya with commentary of Sarvangasundara of Arunadatta and Ayurveda rasayana of Hemadri, 7th Ed, Edited by Anna Moreshwar Kunte and Krishna shastri Navare; Varanasi; Chaukhambha orientalia publishers;; Sutrasthana, chapter16, verse 37. .
68. Sushruta Samhita, K.R.Shrikantha Murthy, 2014, Chaukhamba Orientalia Publishers, sutra sthana, Chapter13, verse 9.
69. Panchakarma Sangraha M.K. Shamkuwar,Laxmi Publishing house,chapter8, second edition,pg no 370.
70. Davidsons Principles and Practise of Medicine-
71. Mayoâ€s clinic- Rheumatoid Arthritis
72. Making sense of inflammatory markers-http//www.rcpa.edu.au cited on 24/3/16
73. Panchakarma Sangraha,editor M. K. Shamkuwar, Laxmi publishing house, second edition, chapter 8, pg no 368.
74. Cellulitis-wikipedia.org, mesh-doo2481,e-medicine,speciality infectious diseases, Medline plus.
75. Paracetamol uses,emedicine medscape.com, cited on 24/03/16
76. Article on-Quantitative cultures of biopsy specimens from cutaneous cellulitis, Duvanel et al, cited on 24/3/17
77. Medicinal Leeches–historical use, ecology, genetics-bio one www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10,1608/FR,1.4 cited on 24/3/17